(At the end, the text in
English)
La energía nuclear es más
abundante que el oro, la plata o mercurio, aproximadamente el mismo que el
estaño y ligeramente menos abundante que el cobalto o plomo
¿Qué es la energía nuclear?
La energía nuclear es la que
encontramos en el núcleo de un átomo. ¿Y qué es un átomo? Las partículas más
pequeñas en las que podemos dividir los elementos químicos que conocemos.
El átomo está formado por
tres subpartículas: neutrones, protones y electrones. Entre ellos, se
diferencian por su carga eléctrica: los neutrones carecen de carga, los
protones tienen carga positiva y los electrones negativos. El átomo siempre es
neutro, al disponer del mismo número de protones y electrones. Lo que mantiene
unidos a neutrones y protones en el núcleo es energía nuclear. Y, ¿sabes qué?
Tenemos la posibilidad de liberar esta energía para obtener electricidad.
Ventajas de la energía
nuclear
1. No genera emisión de
gases
Las plantas nucleares permiten
generar electricidad sin emitir gases de efecto invernadero. En este sentido,
no contribuye al calentamiento global ya que son una alternativa a los
combustibles fósiles. El humo que sale de las chimeneas es vapor de agua.
2. Se obtiene mucha energía con
poco combustible
Con poca cantidad de
combustible se obtienen grandes cantidades de energía. Esto implica dos ventajas:
Ahorro en materia prima / Ahorro en transportes, extracción y manipulación de
uranio. Es una energía más “limpia” que el petróleo, el uranio, el mineral que
sirve como combustible para la energía nuclear, es mucho más abundante, incluso
se está trabajando en la generación de energía nuclear con subproductos usados
del uranio, como es el plutonio. Se calcula que hay uranio para miles de años,
así que no está sujeto a los recortes de producción y aumentos de precio como
el petróleo, de manera que la electricidad proveniente de la energía nuclear es
mucho más barata, segura y estable.
3. Es planificable
La producción de energía
eléctrica es continua. Una central nuclear genera energía eléctrica durante
prácticamente un 90% de las horas del año. Es decir, no depende de aspectos
naturales. Esta continuidad favorece a la planificación eléctrica. A nivel de
coste también es planificable. El uranio no sufre la volatilidad en los precios
que sufren otros combustibles.
4. Coste de funcionamiento
bajo
Las plantas de energía nuclear
son más baratas de operar que sus rivales de carbón o gas natural. Se ha
estimado que incluso teniendo en cuenta los costos, como la gestión de
combustible radiactivo y la eliminación de plantas nucleares, cuesta:
Entre el 33 y el 50% de una
planta de carbón.
Entre el 20 al 25% de una
planta de ciclo combinado de gas.
La cantidad de energía
producida también es superior a la mayoría de las otras formas.
5. Medicina nuclear
La energía nuclear también
se utiliza para diagnosticar y tratar enfermedades.
Algunas de las técnicas destacadas
en medicina nuclear son: Radiodiolgía / Tomografía / Radiotrazadores / Escaneos.
6. Avances tecnológicos
La tecnología nuclear sigue
evolucionando. El 100% de los reactores nucleares producen energía mediante la
fisión nuclear. Actualmente se está desarrollando el reactor nuclear de fusión
nuclear. Este reactor solventará gran parte de sus inconvenientes.
Desventajas de la energía
nuclear
1. Los accidentes tienen
graves consecuencias.
Los sistemas de seguridad de
las centrales nucleares son altísimos. Sin embargo el componente humano siempre
tiene cierta repercusión. Ante un imprevisto no siempre las decisiones tomadas
son las mejores. Tenemos dos buenos ejemplos en Chernobyl y en Fukushima.
2. Gestión de los residuos
nucleares
Una desventaja importante es
la gestión de los residuos nucleares. Los residuos nucleares tardan muchísimos
años en perder su radioactividad y peligrosidad. Existen soluciones de
confinamiento, pero no se pueden hacer desaparecer.
3. Instalaciones con fecha
de caducidad
Los reactores nucleares
tienen fecha de caducidad. Después se deben desmantelar. Cada diez años se
deberían construir aproximadamente 80 reactores nucleares nuevos.
4. Inversión inicial muy
elevada
El coste de la inversión hay
que recuperarlo durante la corta vida de la central. Si al coste del kilovatio
generado se le suma la parte proporcional de la inversión se encarece.
5. Recursos limitados
A diferencia de otras
opciones energéticas, la energía nuclear no es renovable debido a que el uranio
debe extraerse y no se regenera.
6. Dependencia externa
Genera dependencia del
exterior. Pocos países disponen de minas de uranio. Además, no todos los países
disponen de tecnología nuclear. Consecuentemente, tienen que contratar ambas
cosas en el extranjero.
7. Armas nucleares
La tecnología nuclear
también puede crear armas nucleares. Las bombas atómicas lanzadas en Japón
hicieron desaparecer las ciudades de Hiroshima y Nagasaki en pocos segundos.
Después de la Segunda Guerra
Mundial, varios países firmaron el Tratado de No Proliferación Nuclear. Sin
embargo, las armas nucleares siguen existiendo. Por lo tanto, el riesgo de un
futuro ataque nuclear es real.
MAYORES Reservas de uranio
en el mundo….
1-. CHINA.
2-. AUSTRALIA.
3-. KAZAJISTAN.
Las 10 minas de uranio más
grandes del mundo… El total de la producción de estas diez minas
es de 27.951 toneladas de uranio, que representan el 52% de la producción
mundial
Fecha publicación:
10 de diciembre de 2009
Última revisión: 11 de junio de 2020.
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Nuclear power is
more abundant than gold, silver, or mercury, about the same as tin, and
slightly less abundant than cobalt or lead.
¿What is the
nuclear energy?
Nuclear energy is
the energy found in the nucleus of an atom. And what is an atom? The smallest
particles into which we can divide the chemical elements that we know of.
The atom is made
up of three subparticles: neutrons, protons, and electrons. Among them, they
differ by their electrical charge: neutrons have no charge, protons have a
positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge. The atom is always
neutral, having the same number of protons and electrons. What holds neutrons
and protons together in the nucleus is nuclear energy. ¿And you know what? We
have the possibility to release this energy to obtain electricity.
Advantages of
nuclear energy
1. Does not
generate gas emissions
Nuclear plants
make it possible to generate electricity without emitting greenhouse gases. In
this sense, they do not contribute to global warming since they are an
alternative to fossil fuels. The smoke that comes out of the chimneys is water
vapour.
2. You get a lot
of energy with little fuel
With a small
amount of fuel, large amounts of energy are obtained. This implies two
advantages: Savings in raw material / Savings in transport, extraction and
handling of uranium. It is a "cleaner" energy than oil, uranium, the
mineral that serves as fuel for nuclear energy, is much more abundant, even
working on the generation of nuclear energy with used by-products of uranium,
such as plutonium . Uranium is estimated to last for thousands of years, so
it's not subject to production cuts and price increases like oil, so
electricity from nuclear power is much cheaper, safer, and more stable.
3. It is plannable
The production of
electrical energy is continuous. A nuclear power plant generates electricity
during practically 90% of the hours of the year. That is, it does not depend on
natural aspects. This continuity favors electrical planning. At the cost level
it is also plannable. Uranium does not suffer from the price volatility that
other fuels suffer.
4. Low running
cost
Nuclear power
plants are cheaper to operate than their coal or natural gas rivals. It has
been estimated that even taking into account costs, such as radioactive fuel
management and nuclear plant disposal, it costs:
Between 33 and 50%
of a coal plant.
Between 20 to 25%
of a gas combined cycle plant.
The amount of
energy produced is also superior to most other forms.
5. Nuclear
medicine
Nuclear energy is
also used to diagnose and treat diseases.
Some of the
outstanding techniques in nuclear medicine are: Radiodiology / Tomography /
Radiotracers / Scans.
6. Technological
advances
Nuclear technology
continues to evolve. 100% of nuclear reactors produce energy through nuclear
fission. The nuclear fusion nuclear reactor is currently being developed. This
reactor will solve a large part of its drawbacks.
Disadvantages of
nuclear power
1. Accidents have
serious consequences.
The security
systems of nuclear power plants are very high. However, the human component
always has a certain impact. In the face of an unforeseen event, the decisions
made are not always the best. We have two good examples in Chernobyl and in
Fukushima.
2. Nuclear waste
management
A major
disadvantage is the management of nuclear waste. Nuclear waste takes many years
to lose its radioactivity and danger. Confinement solutions exist, but they
cannot be made to disappear.
3. Installations
with expiration date
Nuclear reactors
have an expiration date. They must then be dismantled. Approximately 80 new
nuclear reactors should be built every ten years.
4. Very high
initial investment
The cost of the
investment must be recovered during the short life of the plant. If the
proportional part of the investment is added to the cost of the generated
kilowatt, it becomes more expensive.
5. Limited
resources
Unlike other
energy options, nuclear power is not renewable because the uranium must be
mined and is not regenerated.
6. External
dependency
It generates
dependence on the outside. Few countries have uranium mines. Furthermore, not
all countries have nuclear technology. Consequently, they have to hire both
things abroad.
7. Nuclear weapons
Nuclear technology
can also create nuclear weapons. The atomic bombs dropped on Japan made the
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki disappear in a few seconds.
After World War
II, several countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. However,
nuclear weapons still exist. Therefore, the risk of a future nuclear attack is
real.
LARGEST uranium
reserves in the world….
1-. CHINA.
2-. AUSTRALIA.
3-. KAZAKHSTAN.
The 10 largest
uranium mines in the world… The total production of these ten mines is 27,951
tons of uranium, which represents 52% of world production:
McArthur River,
Canada: It is the largest uranium mine in the world with a production of 7,868
tonnes of uranium (tU), or 14% of world production, in 2011.
Ranger, Australia:
This open pit mine produced 2,240 tU, about 4% of the world total, in 2011.
Olympic Dam,
Australia: It is the largest mine in Australia. It has a production of 3,353
tU, which represents 6% of world production.
Rossing, Namibia: Started
production in 1976. The largest open-pit uranium mine in the world. Its
production is 1,822 tU, 3% of world production.
Kraznokamensk,
Russia: The city of Kraznokamensk was founded around the Priargunsky uranium
mine more than 40 years ago. In 2011, production was 2,191 tU, 4% of world
production.
Arlit, Niger: The
open pit mine is located 7 kilometers northwest of Arlit in Niger. Production
at the mine is 2,726 tU, 5% of world production.
Tortkuduk, Kazakhstan:
The technique used is in situ leaching in 2010. In 2011 it had a production of
2,608 tU, which represents 5% of world production.
Budenovskoye 2,
Kazakhstan: This mine was founded in 2005 as a subsidiary of Kazatomprom. The
method used is in situ leaching. Its production is 2,175 tU in 2011 and it has
a design capacity to reach 3,000 tU in 2015. It represents 4% of world
production.
South Inkai,
Kazakhstan: The production of this mine in 2011 was 1,548 tU, 3% of world
production.
Inkai, Kazakhstan:
Mining production began in 2009, and in 2011 this mine had a production of
1,602 tU, 3% of world production.
This is the list of the
countries that have the most nuclear weapons (nuclear warheads) in 2022:
9. North Korea: 20 nuclear
warheads
At the beginning of 2022,
according to figures published by the SAF, North Korea has a total inventory of
nuclear weapons of 20 units, all of them included in the
"reserve/undeployed" category, which includes those that are not
deployed on the launchers, but stored.
8. Israel: 90 nuclear
warheads
Israel, for its part, has 90
nuclear warheads, all of them in reserve or undeployed and in the custody of
the military, destined to be used by commissioned launch vehicles, reports the
association.
7. India: 160 nuclear
weapons
India presents a total
inventory of 160 nuclear weapons, all of them also in reserve or undeployed, as
recorded by FAS.
6. Pakistan: 165 nuclear
warheads
Another country with a
possibly increasing nuclear arsenal is Pakistan, which has some 165 nuclear
warheads, again all of them listed as "reserve/undeployed."
5. United Kingdom: 225
nuclear warheads
The United Kingdom appears
among the 5 countries with the most nuclear weapons in the world, with a total
inventory of 225. In this case, more than half (120) are "deployed
strategic warheads", that is, those deployed in intercontinental missiles
and in heavy bomber bases, reports the FAS.
4. France: 290 nuclear
warheads
Above the United Kingdom on
this list is France, with 290 nuclear warheads, almost all of which are
deployed strategic warheads: 280, almost 97% of the total.
3. China: 350 nuclear
weapons
Among the 3 countries with
the most nuclear weapons in the world, China is introduced in 2022, with a
total inventory that amounts to 350 (compared to 290 in 2019, when it ranked
fifth).
2. United States: 5,428
nuclear weapons
The second place is occupied
by the United States, with some 5,428 nuclear warheads: of these, 1,644 are
deployed strategic warheads and 100 are "deployed non-strategic
warheads" (those found on bases with short-range delivery systems, defined
by FAS).
1. Russia: 5,977 nuclear
warheads
Finally, Russia is the
country with the most nuclear weapons in the world, with 5,977 units, of which
1,588 are deployed strategic warheads.
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